Sossusvlei Largely acidic groundwater, with pH from 4 to 7. The Democratic Republic . 2020 WWF - World Wide Fund For Nature 1986 Panda Symbol WWF World Wide Fund For Nature (formerly World Wildlife Fund) WWF is a WWF Registered Trademark Creative Commons license. Please note that the areas of the layout diagrams are different for the engines types, see Fig. Water Resources in Cameroon This is the sum of renewable groundwater and renewable surface water resources (both internal and external) Renewable Water Resources 283 billion m/year Total Renewable Water Resources (2017) Water Resources per Capita 11,769 m/person/year Renewable Water per Inhabitant (2017) Water Dependency 4 % As a country in Africa, Cameroon is situated just between the Central and Western Regions of Africa. Where multi-species classes were defined, biomass was calculated as the average mass of the species included. Temperatures vary drastically in the Kalahari, going below zero on winter nights and reaching as high as 40 degrees Celsius during summer days. doi.org/10.1007/s11269-009-9476-4. Responsibility for the construction and management of rural wells and boreholes has been transferred to communes (AMCOW 2011). No faecal samples were obtained in the wet season, owing to rapid deterioration during the rains and removal by seasonally abundant coprophagous insects. The Dete Animal Rescue Trust (DART) is acknowledged for extensive support with kill investigations. The Kenya Water Resources Management Authority shall have the following powers and functions: The rural population largely relies on groundwater for water supply, through springs, hand dug wells, and boreholes equipped with hand pumps (Ako Ako et al. Tsavo. Medium Bovidae contributed least in the late dry season (Fig. Sightings of lion in the hluhluwe umfolozi vary according to various factors. Etosha We assessed seasonal prey preference using Jacobs selection index [35]: Where r is the proportion of the total number of kills or faecal samples of a particular species and p is the proportional availability of the prey species killed. Cameroons location on the atlantic coast in central africa between latitude 2 and 13north, has a huge and diversified water resources potential. Trees, grasses and bushes were heavy with raindrops and the bushveld was resonant with the noise of water dripping, flowing and surging. In contrast, analysis of faeces tends to be biased against species with less hair, such as elephants, and very large bodied prey for which the body surface/volume ratio is smaller than for smaller species [37], and hence the likelihood of predators eating hairs is smaller. 1988. 2006. The middle Continental Terminal, of Tertiary to Quaternary age, comprises alternating sandstone and clay layers, which are 450 to 620 m from the surface (GWP 2013). Lake Jipe provides water for the wildlife species in the park like the lions, elephants and among others when they are thirsty. The water is usually of magnesium-carbonate type (Mafany and Fantong 2006). Sightings of Lion in the Hluhluwe Umfolozi vary according to various factors. Frequency of use (in both kills and faeces) and selection index of kudu in the early dry season highlight the importance of this species to lion female diet. The deeper Cretaceous sandstones also form an important aquifer, hydraulically separated from the overlying Plio-Quaternary by mudstones. 3B). WWF worked together with the communities to rehabilitate six stand taps in six communities, explains Njounan. Our office hours are 08:00 - 19:00 (GMT+2). Your email address will not be published. The significant role played by bitcoin for businesses! Seasonal variation in the relative contribution by different prey species to lion kills, for males (M) and females (F), distinguishing age class proportions. Lions of the okavango delta. Groundwater Need Assessment - Lake Chad Basin. Surface water. In both rural and urban areas, people suffer because of the poor water quality in Cameroon. The source of the river is in the mountainous highlands of East African rift before it eventually drains into the Atlantic Ocean. These maps and graphs were developed from the CRU TS 3.21 dataset produced by the Climatic Research Unit at the University of East Anglia, UK. Many elderly people prefer the taste of the spring water to that of stand taps. Cameroon, a country located in Central Africa, is one of those places. Lions are stalk-and-ambush hunters that use vegetative cover for concealment during hunting [43] and are known to ambush prey in habitats surrounding high-prey abundance areas [44]. This index minimises the biases associated with small sample size (prey proportions below 10%), rare food items and non-linearity in proportional use over time [6]. Freya Van Kesteren, Where does the Cameroon River get its water? There was no seasonal difference in diet composition for male lions (2early dry-late dry=4.13, df=7, p=0.76; 2early dry-wet=8.63, df=7, p=0.28; 2late dry-wet=7.85, df=7, p=0.35). Africa Groundwater Atlas: Hydrogeology of Cameroon. _____ _____ what are the seasonal changes to these water sources? Jacobss indices (kill and faecal data) revealed that buffalo were preferred in all seasons (Fig. There are a number of natural lakes in Cameroon. changing relative selection of prey species between seasons, is not characteristic of the Hwange lion population at least for the primary prey. 1). We use cookies to ensure that we give you the best experience on our website. An average of 300 people depend on the water source, says Njounan Tegomo Olivier, WWF Collaborative Management Officer. 1). Funding: The work was supported by the Darwin Initiative for Biodiversity, Disney Wildlife Conservation Foundation, SAVE Foundation, Regina B. Frankenberg Foundation the Rufford Maurice Laing Foundation and Instalite Contracting Bulawayo. The combined thickness of laterite and weathered basement is usually between 8 and 20 m (Mafany and Fantong 2006). 2009). Karoo In communities where neither springs nor stand taps are unavailable, the population drink from open streams that also serve for laundry and bathing. They do not only use rivers to gather water to drink but to bathe as well. What are specific water sources the Lions exploit? Because several non-independent samples were collected at one site, we used one faecal sample only per kill site to avoid any pseuso-replication [27]. These statistics are sourced from FAO Aquastat. Seasonal surface-water dynamics thus, influences the probability which predators can find prey and is likely to have several consequences for the ecology of predator-prey interactions. feeding locations) of African lions in Hwange National Park, Zimbabwe, a semi-arid African savanna structured by artificial waterholes. United Nations. A complex of granites, micaschists and migmatites. Cameroon What Are The Specific Water Sources The Lions Exploit? Copyright: 2013 Davidson et al. PLOS ONE promises fair, rigorous peer review, We do not have to go that far anymore says Madam Ngenge Ndo Lydie, a local restaurant owner. Per Capita in 2000 : 19 192 m 3 /year. . Jacobs indices revealed that lions of both sexes kill their prey preferentially within 2 km from a waterhole for all prey species except small antelopes (Fig. Lion kills were located in a preferentially selected zone around artificial waterholes, suggesting that these scarce resources form passive traps for ungulate prey. The consequence of consumption of such poor quality water is the spread of related diseases such as cholera and typhoid. Sahara Desert A lower series of clays and sandstones in the southeast, and an upper series of sandstones in the west of the basin. The whole country suffered from droughts in 1981-87, 1991-1999, 2001-2005 . Cameroon's location on the Atlantic coast in central Africa between latitude 2 and 13north, has a huge and diversified water resources potential. Cameroon, a country located in Central Africa, is one of those places. Furthermore, juvenile elephants were selected by female lions in the wet season. Buffalo (the highest contribution in all seasons for both sexes) showed a constant contribution to male diet throughout the seasons, and a lower contribution to female diet in the early dry season. In: Groundwater quality in Africa, ed. This is consistent with previous findings suggesting that female lion home range size was constrained by the abundance of kudu in the early dry season [40]. 1). Bibliographic reference: Upton K, Dochartaigh B and Bellwood-Howard I. Water Resources Management and Integrated Water Resources Management (IWRM) in Cameroon. "Some years back some boreholes were rehabilitated by either the local council or the community. Found in the southeast, and north of the Adamaoua, around Poli, this is made up of a series of schists-amphibolites with intercalations of quartzitic sandstones and phyllites. Occasionally, falling water tables in the dry season cause a reversal of the hydraulic gradient and seawater intrusion. Most often asked questions related to bitcoin. Felix Murindagomo, However, in the dry season in many rural areas, demand for surface water resources exceeds supply, and much of the rural population relies on groundwater. Tsavo Lion Project - Lion Conservation Fund. 2009). Cameroons national parks are vast and the dedicated wildlife authorities and staff on the ground oftentimes lack adequate financial support and resources to carry out effective management. Unfortunately, it is also a country where wildlife is subject to a wide and intense array of human pressures. Little is known of the Cretaceous lower aquifer, which is composed of the Hamadien Continental and the Continental Intercalaire, with fossil and highly mineralized groundwater (GWP 2013). Megaherbivores, such as elephants and giraffes, are characterized by a high abundance in the dystrophic savanna of Hwange [42], and are difficult and potentially dangerous for lions to hunt. For females, some seasonal differences were detected due to the lower contribution of buffalo to female diet in the early dry season, compensated for by an increase in secondary prey consumption, mainly kudu and medium Bovidae. Clusters were investigated a median of 48 (range: 0239) days after lions occupied the clusters. Jacobs index also revealed that buffalo was the most intensively selected species throughout the year. From just 26 in 1954, their numbers have swelled to over 2,500. Imagine that thomas was asked to collect the water needed to supply only the cooking and The congo river is the world's second largest after amazon river in . Fish River Canyon Map developed from World Wildlife Fund HydroSHEDS; Digital Chart of the World drainage; and FAO Inland Water Bodies. For further information about transboundary aquifers, please see the Transboundary aquifers resources page. Sossusvlei Largely acidic groundwater, with pH from 4 to 7 an important aquifer hydraulically. Chart of the World drainage ; and FAO Inland water Bodies quality water is usually between 8 and 20 (. 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